Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, leading to potential complications. Early detection and management are crucial to slow its progression and reduce the risk of severe kidney damage.

Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, urinary tract obstructions, recurrent kidney infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and idiopathic (unknown) reasons. Managing underlying conditions and adopting a healthy lifestyle are essential for prevention and management.

Answer: 

1. Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or high GFR (GFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m²).

   • Kidney damage is present, but kidney function is normal.
   • Usually, no noticeable symptoms; CKD may be detected incidentally.

2. Stage 2: Mildly reduced kidney function (GFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m²).

   • Kidney function is mildly decreased.
   • Few or no symptoms; regular monitoring is crucial.

3. Stage 3: Moderately reduced kidney function (GFR 30-59 ml/min/1.73 m²).

   • Kidney function is noticeably impaired.
   • Symptoms may appear, such as fatigue and swelling.

4. Stage 4: Severely reduced kidney function (GFR 15-29 ml/min/1.73 m²).

   • Kidney function is significantly impaired.
   • Pronounced symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and itching.

5. Stage 5: End-Stage Kidney Failure (GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m²) - requires dialysis or transplantation.

   • Kidneys are no longer able to sustain life.
   • Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival.

Answer: AKI stands for Acute Kidney Injury, which is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function. It is characterized by a sudden decrease in urine production and an accumulation of waste products and electrolyte imbalances in the body. 

Answer: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) can be caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys, direct kidney damage from medications or toxins, urinary tract obstruction, autoimmune disorders, severe infections, and contrast agents used in medical imaging. Prompt identification and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for potential recovery and preventing further kidney damage.